What Is 35th National Congress of Chile

Overview

The 35th National Congress of Chile marks the current session of the country's bicameral legislature, which officially began on March 11, 2022. It was formed following the general elections held on November 21, 2021, which elected members to both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.

This legislative session is significant for operating during a period of intense political reform, including ongoing efforts to replace Chile's 1980 Constitution. The Congress functions as the primary legislative authority in Chile's presidential republic, responsible for passing laws, approving budgets, and overseeing executive actions.

• Term start date: The 35th Congress officially convened on March 11, 2022, marking the beginning of its legislative cycle after the 2021 elections.
• Chamber of Deputies: Comprises 155 members elected from electoral districts across Chile, each serving a four-year mandate.
• Senate composition: The upper chamber includes 50 senators, with terms staggered over eight years to ensure continuity.
• Electoral basis: Members were elected on November 21, 2021, under Chile's proportional representation system with open lists.
• Political context: This Congress operates amid national debates over constitutional reform, following the rejection of a proposed new constitution in September 2022.

How It Works

The 35th National Congress functions under Chile’s existing institutional framework, balancing legislative responsibilities with evolving constitutional discussions. Each chamber operates independently but must cooperate to pass legislation.

• Term: Deputies serve fixed four-year terms with full renewal, while senators serve eight-year terms with staggered elections every four years.
• Leadership structure: Each chamber elects a President of the Senate and a President of the Chamber of Deputies to oversee sessions and procedures.
• Legislative process: Bills can be introduced in either chamber, but revenue-related legislation must originate in the Chamber of Deputies.
• Quorum requirements: At least 50% plus one of deputies or senators must be present for a session to be valid.
• Committee system: Both chambers operate through specialized committees, including Constitutional Affairs, Budget, and Foreign Relations.
• Voting procedures: Most decisions require a simple majority, though constitutional reforms demand a two-thirds supermajority.

Comparison at a Glance

Below is a comparison of the two legislative chambers in the 35th National Congress:

The structural differences reflect Chile’s effort to balance representation and stability. While the Chamber ensures broad, frequent accountability, the Senate provides longer-term legislative continuity. Both chambers must approve legislation for it to become law, requiring negotiation across political lines—especially critical in Chile’s fragmented political landscape.

Why It Matters

The 35th National Congress plays a pivotal role in shaping Chile’s democratic future, especially during a time of constitutional uncertainty and social reform. Its legislative output influences national policy on education, healthcare, and human rights.

• Constitutional reform: Congress is central to drafting and approving a new constitution after the 2022 referendum rejected the initial proposal.
• Budget approval: It holds the power to approve or amend the national budget, influencing public spending priorities.
• Executive oversight: Senators and deputies can summon ministers and initiate investigations into government actions.
• International treaties: The Senate must ratify all international agreements signed by the President.
• Emergency legislation: Congress can pass urgent laws during national crises, such as natural disasters or public health emergencies.
• Representation: With increased gender parity and Indigenous representation, this Congress reflects a more diverse Chilean society.

As Chile navigates complex political transitions, the 35th National Congress serves as a critical institution for democratic dialogue, legislative innovation, and national unity.