What is ileus

Last updated: April 1, 2026

Quick Answer: Ileus is a blockage or paralysis of the intestines that prevents normal movement of food and digestive material. It can result from physical obstructions or loss of normal muscle contractions in the bowel.

Key Facts

Definition and Types

Ileus refers to the disruption of normal intestinal function, preventing the movement of digestive contents through the bowel. There are two primary types: mechanical ileus, caused by physical obstructions, and functional (paralytic) ileus, resulting from loss of normal muscle contractions.

Mechanical Ileus

Mechanical ileus occurs when something physically blocks the intestinal passage. Common causes include:

Functional (Paralytic) Ileus

Paralytic ileus involves temporary loss of normal intestinal muscle contractions without a physical blockage. This commonly occurs after abdominal surgery as the intestines recover. Other causes include severe infections, electrolyte imbalances, medications like opioids, and spinal injuries affecting nerve signals to the intestines.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Symptoms of ileus include severe abdominal pain, distension, nausea, vomiting, and constipation with inability to pass gas. Diagnosis typically involves physical examination, abdominal X-rays to detect gas patterns, CT scans to identify blockages, and sometimes colonoscopy for lower bowel examination. Blood tests may reveal electrolyte imbalances.

Treatment Options

Conservative treatment for functional ileus includes bowel rest, intravenous fluids, and nasogastric tube placement to relieve pressure. Mechanical ileus often requires surgery to remove the obstruction. Medical management focuses on addressing underlying causes, correcting electrolyte imbalances, and avoiding medications that worsen intestinal motility.

Related Questions

What is the difference between ileus and obstruction?

Ileus is the general disruption of intestinal function, which includes both mechanical obstructions and paralytic conditions. Obstruction specifically refers to a physical blockage, making it a type of ileus rather than a separate condition.

How long does post-surgical ileus typically last?

Post-surgical paralytic ileus usually resolves within 24-72 hours after abdominal surgery as normal intestinal function recovers. If it persists beyond this period, further investigation may be needed to rule out complications.

Can ileus be life-threatening?

Yes, severe ileus can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Prolonged blockage can lead to bowel perforation, peritonitis (infection), dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and organ failure in critical cases.

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Sources

  1. Wikipedia - Ileus CC-BY-SA-4.0
  2. Mayo Clinic - Intestinal Obstruction Fair Use