What is scoliosis

Overview

Scoliosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine. Instead of the spine running straight down the center of the body, it curves to one side or develops an S or C shape. Scoliosis curvature is typically measured in degrees; curves of 10 degrees or more are considered scoliosis. The condition can vary greatly in severity, ranging from mild curves that cause minimal issues to severe curves that significantly impact breathing and organ function.

Types and Causes

There are several types of scoliosis with different causes:

• Idiopathic scoliosis has no known cause and represents about 80% of cases; adolescent idiopathic scoliosis typically appears during growth spurts
• Congenital scoliosis develops before birth due to abnormal vertebral development
• Neuromuscular scoliosis results from conditions like cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy
• Degenerative scoliosis develops later in life from wear and tear on the spine

Symptoms and Effects

Many people with mild scoliosis have no symptoms and discover the condition during routine X-rays. Visible signs include uneven shoulders, asymmetrical waistline, and one shoulder blade appearing more prominent. In more severe cases, individuals may experience back pain, breathing difficulties, reduced lung capacity, and digestive issues. Severe curvatures can compress organs and restrict heart and lung function.

Diagnosis and Assessment

Doctors diagnose scoliosis through physical examination and spinal imaging, typically X-rays. The Cobb angle measurement determines the severity of the curve. Genetic factors and family history are important; children with a parent who has scoliosis are at higher risk. Early detection during childhood and adolescence is crucial since treatment options differ based on growth potential.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on age, curve severity, and curve progression risk. Observation is used for mild curves in growing children with low progression risk. Bracing is recommended for moderate curves in children to prevent progression during growth years. Surgery (spinal fusion) is typically recommended for curves exceeding 50 degrees or curves that progress rapidly despite conservative treatment. Adult scoliosis may require surgery if curves worsen or cause pain and functional impairment.