Why do football players put black under their eyes

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Last updated: April 8, 2026

Quick Answer: Football players apply black grease or strips under their eyes primarily to reduce glare from stadium lights and sunlight, which can improve visual contrast and reaction times. This practice dates back to the 1940s when professional players like Andy Robustelli of the Los Angeles Rams began using it, and it became widespread in the 1970s. Studies suggest it can reduce glare by up to 50%, though its effectiveness varies based on lighting conditions and individual perception.

Key Facts

The practice originated in American football in the 1940s, with early adopters like Andy Robustelli
Black eye black reduces glare by absorbing light rather than reflecting it, similar to how black paint reduces shine
Modern eye black products are often made from beeswax, paraffin, or synthetic materials with carbon black pigment
A 2003 study in the Journal of Athletic Training found eye black could reduce glare by approximately 50% in bright conditions
The NCAA and NFL have no specific rules against eye black, but excessive designs may be restricted

Overview

Football players putting black marks under their eyes, commonly called "eye black," is a longstanding tradition in American football and other sports. The practice began in the 1940s when professional football players noticed that smearing grease or soot under their eyes helped reduce glare from bright stadium lights. Early adopters included defensive end Andy Robustelli of the Los Angeles Rams, who used it during night games. By the 1970s, eye black had become widespread across college and professional football, with players applying it in simple stripes or smears. Today, it's estimated that over 90% of NFL players use some form of eye black during games, particularly for night contests or sunny afternoon matches. The tradition has spread to other sports like baseball, lacrosse, and softball, though it remains most iconic in football. While originally practical, eye black has also become part of football culture, with players sometimes using it to display messages or team spirit.

How It Works

Eye black works through basic principles of light absorption and contrast enhancement. The black pigment, typically carbon-based, absorbs visible light rather than reflecting it, reducing the amount of glare that reaches the eyes from bright sources like stadium lights or sunlight. This is similar to how black paint on a surface reduces shine. By applying it to the cheekbones just below the eyes, players minimize light reflection from their facial skin, which can create distracting glare. The reduction in glare helps improve visual contrast, making it easier to track fast-moving objects like footballs against bright backgrounds. Some studies suggest it may also reduce peripheral glare from helmets or equipment. Modern eye black comes in various forms: traditional grease sticks containing beeswax and paraffin with carbon pigment, adhesive strips that are less messy, and even tinted versions. While the exact effectiveness varies, research indicates it can be particularly helpful in artificial lighting conditions common in night games.

Why It Matters

Eye black matters because it represents a simple, practical solution to a genuine athletic challenge: maintaining optimal vision in variable lighting conditions. In football, where split-second reactions determine success, even minor visual improvements can impact performance. Studies have shown reduced glare can help with tracking passes, reading defenses, and avoiding injuries from unseen opponents. Beyond practicality, eye black has cultural significance in sports, serving as a recognizable symbol of athletic preparation and intensity. It also allows personal expression, with players occasionally writing messages or symbols in eye black for motivation or awareness campaigns. While some debate its psychological versus physical benefits, its continued use by elite athletes suggests perceived value. The practice also illustrates how sports adapt simple technologies—costing just $2-5 per stick—to gain competitive edges, reflecting broader trends in athletic optimization.