Why do you get sjogren's syndrome

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Last updated: April 8, 2026

Quick Answer: Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's moisture-producing glands, primarily affecting the eyes and mouth. It affects approximately 0.1-4% of the population globally, with women being 9 times more likely to develop it than men. The exact cause remains unknown, but research suggests a combination of genetic predisposition (with HLA-DR and HLA-DQ gene variants identified) and environmental triggers like viral infections. Diagnosis typically occurs between ages 40-60, though symptoms can appear earlier.

Key Facts

Affects 0.1-4% of global population
Women are 9 times more likely affected than men
Most commonly diagnosed between ages 40-60
Associated with HLA-DR and HLA-DQ gene variants
Can occur as primary or secondary (with other autoimmune diseases)

Overview

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder first described in 1933 by Swedish ophthalmologist Henrik Sjögren, who identified the connection between dry eyes, dry mouth, and arthritis in his patients. The condition primarily targets the exocrine glands responsible for producing moisture, particularly the lacrimal glands (tears) and salivary glands (saliva). Globally, it affects an estimated 0.1-4% of the population, making it one of the most common autoimmune disorders after rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. The syndrome can occur as primary Sjögren's (standalone condition) or secondary Sjögren's (accompanying other autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus). Diagnosis typically involves blood tests for autoantibodies (SSA/Ro and SSB/La), salivary gland biopsies, and specialized eye tests like Schirmer's test. The condition was officially classified as an autoimmune disorder in the 1960s when researchers discovered the immune system's role in attacking healthy glandular tissue.

How It Works

Sjögren's syndrome develops through a complex autoimmune process where the body's immune system mistakenly identifies moisture-producing gland cells as foreign invaders. This triggers lymphocyte infiltration (primarily T-cells and B-cells) into glands like the salivary and lacrimal glands, causing inflammation and damage that reduces their ability to produce secretions. Research has identified specific genetic markers associated with increased risk, particularly variations in HLA-DR and HLA-DQ genes that regulate immune response. Environmental factors may trigger these genetic predispositions, with studies suggesting potential links to Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C, and other viral infections. The autoimmune attack extends beyond glands in some cases, potentially affecting other organs including the lungs, kidneys, and nervous system. The process involves both cellular immunity (T-cell mediated damage) and humoral immunity (production of autoantibodies like anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La that target specific cellular components).

Why It Matters

Sjögren's syndrome significantly impacts quality of life, with chronic dry eyes increasing risk of corneal damage and vision problems, while dry mouth contributes to dental decay, oral infections, and difficulty swallowing. Beyond glandular symptoms, approximately 30-40% of patients develop systemic complications affecting organs like the lungs (interstitial lung disease), kidneys (renal tubular acidosis), or nervous system (peripheral neuropathy). The condition also carries increased risk for lymphoma development, with studies showing a 5-10% lifetime risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Sjögren's patients. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial for preventing complications and improving daily functioning through treatments like artificial tears, saliva substitutes, immunosuppressants, and regular monitoring for systemic involvement.