What causes gum recession

Brushing Technique and Force

One of the most common causes of gum recession is using excessive force when brushing teeth. Many people believe vigorous brushing cleans better, but the opposite is true. Using hard-bristled toothbrushes or applying excessive pressure gradually wears away gum tissue and can expose the tooth root. Dentists recommend soft-bristled brushes used with gentle, circular motions rather than aggressive sawing motions.

Periodontal Disease

Gum disease is the primary disease-related cause of gum recession. When bacteria accumulate on teeth as plaque and tartar, they trigger inflammation and infection. In gingivitis, the early stage, gums become swollen and bleed easily. If left untreated, it progresses to periodontitis, where the infection destroys the gum tissue and supporting bone structure. This destruction causes the visible recession where gums pull away from teeth.

Age and Natural Changes

Gum recession becomes increasingly common with age, even in people with good oral hygiene. Over decades, normal wear and tear, combined with years of exposure to various risk factors, gradually affects gum health. Additionally, older adults often take medications that reduce saliva production, which protects teeth and gums. The cumulative effect results in gum recession affecting most elderly individuals.

Genetic Factors

Some people inherit naturally thinner gum tissue or are genetically predisposed to gum disease despite excellent oral hygiene. These individuals are at higher risk for recession even if they brush properly and maintain clean teeth. Genetics also influences the immune system's ability to fight off bacterial infection in the mouth, making some people more susceptible to periodontal disease.

Tobacco and Lifestyle Factors

Smoking and chewing tobacco significantly accelerate gum recession by weakening the immune system's response to bacterial infection and reducing blood flow to gums. The chemicals in tobacco damage gum tissue and impair healing. Additionally, high stress levels, poor nutrition, and hormonal changes during pregnancy can temporarily increase gum recession risk by affecting immune function.

Prevention and Treatment

Preventing gum recession requires proper oral hygiene with soft brushes, regular flossing, controlling plaque, and maintaining overall health. Treating existing recession depends on severity—mild cases may only require monitoring, while advanced cases may require gum grafting surgery where tissue is harvested and attached to exposed root areas.